Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia, and its prevalence increases with age. The management of AF in the elderly is challenging, as it is normally associated with comorbidities and frailty. AF catheter ablation (CA) is a safe and superior alternative to antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) for the maintenance of sinus rhythm. Objectives To evaluate the rate of complications associated with CA for AF across different age groups. Methods A retrospective analysis of 219 patients who underwent CA for AF between 2016 and 2020 were divided into 3 age groups: less than 60 years, 60 to 70 years, and > 70 years. All the included patients underwent radiofrequency ablation using an electroanatomic mapping system. Categorical variables were evaluated with chi-square and Fisher’s test, and continuous variables were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Tamhane’s T2. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results We found an overall total complication rate of 4.6%. The total complication rate was 3.3% in patients < 60 years of age, 5.7% in patients between 60 and 70 years, and 5.2% in patients > 70 years (p = 0.742). No deaths occurred. Conclusion There was no significant difference in the AF CA-related complications when comparing the patients by age group.

RESUMO O presente trabalho refere-se a um estudo realizado com o povo indígena Guarani, especificamente na escola Mbya Arandu, localizada na Terra Indígena Tekoa Araxa’í, na Serra do Mar, região costeira do estado do Paraná. O objetivo é discutir o papel de professores não indígenas que atuam na educação escolar indígena, à luz da interculturalidade crítica, ancorada na noção de fronteira. Para tanto, apresenta-se uma memória autobiográfica de uma das autoras deste artigo, fruto de sua experiência docente na escola indígena Mbya Arandu, pela qual se destacam saberes e ensinamentos que os autores deste trabalho acreditam ser importantes aos professores não indígenas que venham a atuar em escolas inseridas em território indígena. Entre as reflexões finais, assevera-se que a presença de educadores não indígenas em escolas em território indígena precisa vir acompanhada da disposição e do exercício cotidiano de aprender a escutar as vozes dos que vivem outras epistemologias.

ABSTRACT This work was carried out with the Guarani indigenous people, specifically, at the Mbya Arandu school, in the Tekoa Araxa’í Indigenous Land, in Serra do Mar, coastal region in the state of Paraná. The objective is to discuss the role of non-indigenous teachers who work in indigenous school education, in the light of critical interculturality, anchored in the notion of frontier. To this end, we present an autobiographical memory of one of the authors of this article, which is the result of her teaching experience in the Mbya Arandu indigenous school. From that experience we can highlight knowledge and teachings that the authors of this work believe to be important to non-indigenous teachers, who will work in schools within indigenous lands. As a conclusion, we state that the presence of non-indigenous educators in schools in indigenous territories needs to be accompanied by the willingness and daily exercise of learning to listen to the voices of those who live other epistemologies.

RESUMEN Este trabajo se realizó con el pueblo indígena guaraní, específicamente, en la escuela Mbya Arandu, en la Tierra Indígena Tekoa Araxa’í, en Serra do Mar, una región costera del Estado de Paraná. El objetivo es discutir el papel de los docentes no indígenas que trabajan en la educación escolar indígena, a la luz de la interculturalidad crítica, anclada en la noción de frontera. Con este fin, se presenta una memoria autobiográfica de uno de los autores de este artículo, fruto de su experiencia docente en la escuela indígena Mbya Arandu, de la cual el conocimiento y las enseñanzas que destacan los autores de este trabajo son importantes para los maestros no indígenas y quien actuará en escuelas insertadas en territorio indígena. Finalmente, se afirma que la presencia de educadores no indígenas en las escuelas del territorio indígena debe ir acompañada de la voluntad y el ejercicio diario de aprender a escuchar las voces de quienes viven otras epistemologías.

Introdução. A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) apresenta elevada morbimortalidade, além de exercer grande impacto sobre a qualidade de vida (QV). O Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) é um escore que avalia a QV dos pacientes portadores dessa síndrome, no qual uma maior pontuação reflete uma menor QV. Objetivo. Avaliar a QV dos pacientes com IC após três anos de seguimento em um serviço ambulatorial especializado de um hospital-escola. Métodos. Estudo unicêntrico, descritivo e prospectivo em que se aplicou o MLHFQ, de modo voluntário e sigiloso, a pacientes com IC com fração de ejeção reduzida acompanhados ambulatorialmente na clínica de IC. Foram analisados os resultados dos MLHFQ dos pacientes comparando-se o momento da inclusão no estudo, em 2014, e após o seguimento de três anos, em 2017/18. Resultados. Dos 76 pacientes inicialmente entrevistados, 74 (97,4%) responderam ao questionário e foram incluídos no estudo, em 2014. Após seguimento de três anos, 39,2% (29/74) dos pacientes responderam novamente ao questionário e em 59,8% (45/74) não se pôde aplicar o MLHFQ pela segunda vez (óbitos: 11; perda de acompanhamento no serviço: 21; não localizados: 13). O escore médio obtido pelo MLHFQ foi de 40,3 ± 21 pontos no momento da inclusão e 31,6 ± 23 pontos após três anos de acompanhamento no serviço (p=0,001). Conclusão. Observou-se baixa QV em pacientes com IC incluídos no estudo, havendo melhora significativa após três anos de acompanhamento no serviço especializado. As clínicas de IC podem aumentar expressivamente a QV dos pacientes portadores de IC, proporcionando potencial benefício prognóstico.

Background. Heart failure (HF) presents high morbidity and mortality, besides having great impact on quality of life (QoL). The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) is a score that assesses the QoL of patients with this syndrome, in which the higher scores indicates lower QoL. Objective. To analyze the QoL of HF patients after three years of follow-up at the specialized outpatient service of a teaching hospital. Methods. Unicentric, descriptive, prospective study that voluntarily and confidentially applied MLHFQ in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction followed at the HF clinic. The results of the patients MLHFQ compared at the time of inclusion in the study in 2014 and after the three-year follow-up in 2017/18 were analyzed. Results. Of 76 interviewed patients, 74 (97.4%) answered the questionnaire and were included in the study in 2014. After three years, 39.2% (29/74) answered the questionnaire again and in 59.8% (45/74) cannot apply MLHFQ a second time (deaths: 11; loss of follow-up at the service: 21; not found: 13). The mean score reached by the MLHFQ was 40.3 ± 21 points after inclusion and 31.6 ± 23 points after three years of follow-up at the service (p=0.001). Conclusion. We observed low QoL in the patients with HF included on this study, providing improvement of QoL after three years of follow-up at the specialized service. The HF clinics may significantly increase the QoL of HF patients, providing potential prognostic benefit.

Background: Sacubitril/valsartan has proven its efficacy to reduce cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality and sudden death in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Thus, it becomes important to evaluate the safety profile of the medication in clinical practice. Objectives: This study aimed to assess safety outcomes on the use of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with HFrEF attended in a Brazilian specialized service. Methods: Prospective observational study that included patients with HFrEF from a specialized ambulatory service, in functional class II-IV, initiated on sacubitril/valsartan as per clinical indication, with a four-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were the occurrence of symptomatic arterial hypotension, hyperkalemia and reduction of renal function. Serum potassium values, blood pressure and creatinine clearance were analyzed at inclusion and at the end of follow-up. A 5% significance level was considered for comparisons. Results: Twenty-six patients were analyzed, 57.7% male, mean age 57.8 ± 10 years, average left ventricle ejection fraction 29.9 ± 7.7%. Symptomatic hypotension occurred in 53.8%, hyperkalemia in 19.2% and reduction of renal function in 6.7%. There was significant difference from initial to final systolic (122 ± 24mmHg versus 109 ± 15mmHg; p=0.024) and diastolic (76 ± 18mmHg versus 66 ± 12mmHg; p=0.022) blood pressure, but no difference in serum potassium (4.8 ± 0.4mEq/L versus 5.0 ± 0.3mEq/L; p=0.07) and creatinine clearance (65 ± 23mL/min/1.73m² versus 66 ± 29mL/min/1.73m²; p=0.89). Conclusions: Symptomatic hypotension was the most frequent side-effect of sacubitril/valsartan. Reduction of blood pressure was observed at the end of follow-up, but no reduction of renal function or significant increase of serum potassium.

Resumo As coroas de frutos de abacaxi são muito pouco utilizadas como material de plantio no Brasil. No entanto, podem servir para a produção de mudas em situações de escassez de material de plantio de qualidade adequada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção e o estado nutricional de rebentos precoces de diferentes tamanhos produzidos em coroas de abacaxi com adubação nitrogenada bem como verificar as variáveis morfológicas e o estado nutricional das coroas de abacaxi da cv. Smooth Cayenne, após a extirpação do seu meristema apical. Ainda, avaliou-se o efeito de doses crescentes de adubo nitrogenado sobre o rendimento, vigor e qualidade nutricional das mudas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x4, sendo quatro doses de nitrogênio (5, 10, 15 e 20 g de ureia por vaso), quatro comprimentos mínimos para colheita de rebentos (10, 15, 20 e 25 cm), com quatro repetições. Em condições de cultivo em pleno sol, as coroas produziram 18,11 e 6,83 rebentos com 10 e 25 cm de comprimento, respectivamente, até 380 dias após o plantio e extirpação do meristema apical. Os tamanhos de colheita dos rebentos influenciam sobre a massa seca da raiz e do caule das coroas. A adubação nitrogenada aumenta os teores de N e influencia negativamente os teores foliares de P, K, Ca e S das coroas do abacaxizeiro ‘Smooth Cayenne’.

Abstract Pineapple fruit crowns are rarely used as planting material in Brazil. However, they can be used to produce plantlet in situations of scarcity of planting material of adequate quality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the production and nutritional status of early shoots of different sizes produced from ‘Smooth Cayenne’ pineapple crowns with nitrogen fertilization after the removal of its apical meristem. The experimental design adopted was that of randomized blocks in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four nitrogen doses (5, 10, 15 and 20 g of urea per pot), four minimum shoot lengths at harvesting (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm), with four replicates. Under full sun cultivation conditions, crowns produced 18.11 and 6.83 shoots with 10 and 25 cm in length, respectively, up to 380 days after planting and removal of the apical meristem. Pineapple shoots harvested at 180 days presented better biometric quality and can be harvested up to 380 days after crown planting. Increasing urea doses reduce P, K and Ca levels in the dry mass of shoots.

ABSTRACT: This essay analyzes a patent litigation in Mexico. The plaintiff was a Japanese company and it was suing over the infringement of its rights by a Mexican Lab. In this case, the Mexican Industrial Property Statute was applied as to recognize a priority filing date seven years later from its original filing in Japan. The litigation involved several subjects like the extension of the term of protection, and the alleged infringement made by defendant after authorities extended the protection term of the patent. There are several issues and principles discussed, like the principle of independence of patents, national treatment, and minimum term of protection; all contained in the Paris Convention, TRIPs agreement and also the Patent Cooperation Treaty.

RESUMEN: El presente ensayo aborda un litigio sobre la infracción de una patente iniciado por una empresa japonesa en México. El litigio estaba basado en un título de patente obtenido en México gracias a que se reconoció una fecha de prioridad siete años después. Otro aspecto del litigio es que el mismo involucró la extensión de la vigencia de dicha patente, así como la infracción alegada posteriormente a la extensión del término de protección. Se abordan varios temas desde la perspectiva de derecho internacional y el derecho comparado. Los mismos van desde principios de independencia de las patentes, trato nacional, así como el término mínimo de protección. Es decir, se analiza la aplicación del Convenio de París, el ADPIC así como del Tratado de Cooperación en Materia de Patentes.

Introducción. La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) descompensada presenta una elevada morbimortalidad. Si bien los marcadores pronósticos clínicos y de laboratorio se han identificados, la influencia precoz de la hemoglobina (Hb) y del sodio (Na) séricos es poco conocida. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características clínicas y resultados en pacientes internados por IC descompensada, conforme a la dosificación sérica de Hb y Na en las primeras 24 horas. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo observacional que evaluó pacientes adultos internados por IC descompensada seguidos por hasta 30 días después del alta hospitalaria. Los grupos analizados fueron: Hb y Na iniciales normales (grupo 1), Hb inicial < 10,0 mg/dl (grupo 2), Na inicial < 135 mEq/l (grupo 3), o ambas alteraciones (grupo 4). El resultado primario evaluado fue muerte hospitalaria hasta 30 días después del alta. Resultados. De la muestra total de 40 pacientes, el 37,5% eran del grupo 1, el 35,0% del grupo 2, el 7,5% del grupo 3 y el 20,0% del grupo 4. La media de edad en los grupos fue 67,2 ±15 vs 66,4 ±13 vs 59,0 ±11 vs 55,7 ±14 (p=0,08). Eran del sexo masculino 60,0%, 35,7%, 100% y 62,5% años (p=0,08). Los resultados observados para cada grupo fueron, respectivamente, mortalidad de 6,7% vs 21,4% vs 0% vs 37,5% (p=0,007), readmisión en 30 días: 6,7% vs 28,6% vs 0% vs 12,5% (p=0,12), insuficiencia renal aguda: 20,0% vs 42,8% vs 33,3% vs 25,0% (p=0,04), necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva: 13,3% vs 7,1% vs 0% vs 0% (p=0,41) y tiempo de internación: 16±10 vs 17±12 vs 24±11 vs 33±19 días (p=0,03). Conclusiones. En los pacientes con IC descompensada, Hb <10 mg/dl en las primeras 24 horas de la internación se ha asociado a la aparición de insuficiencia renal aguda. La combinación de Hb <10 mg/dl y Na <135 mEq/l se ha asociado a mortalidad más alta y a tiempo de internación más prolongado.

Introdução. A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada apresenta elevada morbimortalidade. Marcadores prognósticos clínicos e laboratoriais foram identificados, porém a influência precoce da hemoglobina (Hb) e do sódio (Na) séricos é pouco conhecida. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características clínicas e desfechos em pacientes internados por IC descompensada, conforme dosagem sérica de Hb e Na nas primeiras 24 horas. Material e métodos. Estudo prospectivo observacional que avaliou pacientes adultos internados por IC descompensada acompanhados por até 30 dias após a alta. Os grupos analisados foram: Hb e Na iniciais normais (grupo 1), Hb inicial < 10,0 mg/dl (grupo 2), Na inicial < 135 mEq/l (grupo 3), ou ambas as alterações (grupo 4). O desfecho primário avaliado foi óbito hospitalar ou até 30 dias após a alta. Resultados. Da amostra total de 40 pacientes, 37,5% eram do grupo 1, 35,0% do grupo 2, 7,5% do grupo 3 e 20,0% do grupo 4. A média de idade nos grupos foi de 67,2 ±15 vs 66,4 ±13 vs 59,0 ±11 vs 55,7 ±14 anos (p=0,08). Eram do sexo masculino 60,0%, 35,7%, 100% e 62,5% (p=0,08). Os desfechos observados para cada grupo foram, respectivamente, mortalidade de 6,7% vs 21,4% vs 0% vs 37,5% (p=0,007), reinternação em 30 dias 6,7% vs 28,6% vs 0% vs 12,5% (p=0,12), insuficiência renal aguda 20,0% vs 42,8% vs 33,3% vs 25,0% (p=0,04), necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva 13,3% vs 7,1% vs 0% vs 0% (p=0,41) e tempo de internação 16 ±10 vs 17 ±12 vs 24 ±11 vs 33 ±19 dias (p=0,03). Conclusões. Nos pacientes com IC descompensada, Hb < 10 mg/dl nas primeiras 24 horas da internação associou-se à ocorrência de insuficiência renal aguda. A combinação de Hb < 10 mg/dl e Na < 135 mEq/l associou-se a maior mortalidade hospitalar e a aumento do tempo de internação.

Background. Acute decompensated heart failure (HF) has high morbidity and mortality. Clinical and laboratory prognostic markers have been identified, although the early influence of serum hemoglobin (Hb) and sodium (Na) is not precisely known. This study aimed to assess the clinical features and outcomes in patients with decompensated HF, according to serum dosage of Hb and Na within the first 24 hours of admission. Material and methods. Prospective observational study that included hospitalized patients with decompensated HF followed for up to 30 days after discharge. Groups were analyzed as follows: normal Hb and Na (group 1), initial Hb < 10.0 mg/dl (group 2), initial Na < 135 mEq/l (group 3), or both alterations (group 4). The primary outcome was in-hospital or 30-days death. Results. From the total 40 patients sample, 37.5% were in group 1, 35.0% group 2, 7.5% group 3, and 20.0% group 4. Average age was 67.2 ±15 vs 66.4 ±13 vs 59.0 ±11 vs 55.7 ±14 (p=0.08). Male subjects were 60.0%, 35.7%, 100% and 62.5% (p=0.08). Outcomes for each respective group were: mortality 6.7% vs 21.4% vs 0% vs 37.5% (p=0.007), 30-days re-admission 6.7% vs 28.6% vs 0% vs 12.5% (p=0.12), acute renal failure 20.0% vs 42.8% vs 33.3% vs 25.0% (p=0.04), invasive mechanical ventilation 13.3% vs 7.1% vs 0% vs 0% (p=0.41), and length of hospitalization 16 ±10 vs 17 ±12 vs 24 ±11 vs 33 ±19 days (p=0.03). Conclusions. In patients with acute decompensated HF, Hb < 10 mg/dl within the first 24 hours of admission was associated to the occurrence of acute renal failure. The combination of Hb < 10 mg/dl and was associated to higher mortality and higher length of hospitalization.

Abstract The Manacapuru Formation, Amazonas Basin, outcrops on the margins of a highway in the region of Presidente Figueiredo, state of Amazonas. A systematic palynological and a lithofaciological analysis was carried out aiming to contribute to the paleoenvironmental understanding of the Manacapuru Formation and its respective age. The present work uses the analysis of the chitinozoan for biostratigraphic purposes as a tool. A total of 27 samples were collected in which an assemblage of lower Lochkovian can be recognized, whose characteristic species are Angochitina filosa, Cingulochitina ervensis, Lagenochitina navicula, and Pterochitina megavelata. It was possible to identify an intense reworking in the exposure, evidenced by the presence of paleofaunas ranging from Ludfordian to Pridolian, which may be associated to the constant storm events that reached the shelf. The lithofaciological analysis allowed the recognition of 6 predominantly muddy sedimentary lithofacies with sandy intercalations that suggest deposition in an offshore region inserted in a shallow marine shelf and influenced by storms.

Abstract Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred treatment in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. At night period, the delay until performing primary percutaneous coronary intervention may be determinant to prognosis worsening. Objective: To analyze the results of primary percutaneous coronary intervention performed at day and night periods. Methods: Cohort study that included patients admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention from December 2013 until December 2016 in a ST-elevation myocardial infarction reference hospital of a metropolitan region in Brazil, followed from admission to hospital discharge or death, compared according to time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (night or day). Statistical analysis comprehended the Chi-square test, the Fisher test, the Student's t-test and the analysis of variance, with significance level of 5%. Results: 446 patients were submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention, 159 (35.6%) at night time and 287 (64.4%) at day time. No differences were found between the two groups concerning clinical baseline characteristics. Door-to-balloon time (101 ± 81 minutes vs. 99 ± 78 minutes; p = 0,59) and onset-to-ballon time (294 ± 158 minutes vs. 278 ± 174 minutes; p = 0,32) did not differ between the groups. The incidence of combined major adverse cardiac events (15.1% vs. 14.3%; p = 0,58) and in-hospital mortality (9.4% vs. 8.0%; p = 0,61) were similar between the groups, as well as length of hospital stay (6.0 ± 4 days vs. 4.9 ± 4 days; p = 0,91). Conclusion: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention at night time showed similar results as the procedure performed at day time, without significant increase of in-hospital adverse events, length of stay or mortality.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o papel dos betabloqueadores na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade induzida pelas antraciclinas em adultos. MÉTODOS Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática em bases de dados eletrônicos, incluindo os estudos relevantes que analisaram fármacos betabloqueadores como agentes cardioprotetores antes do início do uso de antraciclinas por pacientes oncológicos adultos. RESULTADOS Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade e seleção, foram obtidos oito artigos considerados de boa qualidade, que se adequavam à temática proposta, sendo todos ensaios clínicos, quatro placebo-controlados, totalizando 655 pacientes incluídos. Destes, 281 (42,9%) fizeram uso de algum betabloqueador como intervenção, sendo o carvedilol o mais utilizado (167 pacientes – 25,5%). Seis estudos foram considerados positivos quanto à cardioproteção exercida pelos betabloqueadores, porém apenas quatro demonstraram diferença na fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo após a quimioterapia nos grupos que usaram betabloqueadores em relação aos grupos controle. O carvedilol e o nebivolol, mas não o metoprolol, tiveram resultados positivos quanto à cardioproteção. Outros betabloqueadores não foram avaliados nos estudos incluídos. CONCLUSÕES Apesar de haver um potencial efeito cardioprotetor dos betabloqueadores, conforme demonstrado em ensaios clínicos pequenos e unicêntricos, sua utilização rotineira na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade associada às antraciclinas requer maiores comprovações científicas.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES This study aimed at assessing the role of beta-blockers on preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in adults. METHODS A systematic review was performed on electronic databases, including relevant studies that analysed beta-blockers as cardioprotective agents before the use of anthracyclines by adult oncologic patients. RESULTS After application of eligibility and selection criteria, eight articles were considered as high quality, complying with the proposed theme; all eight clinical trials, four of them placebo-controlled, with a total number of 655 patients included. From this sample, 281 (42.9%) used beta-blocker as intervention, and carvedilol was the most frequent (167 patients – 25.5%). Six studies were considered positive regarding the cardioprotection role played by beta-blockers, although only four demonstrated significant difference on left ventricle ejection fraction after chemotherapy on groups that used beta-blockers compared to control groups. Carvedilol and nebivolol, but not metoprolol, had positive results regarding cardioprotection. Other beta-blockers were not analysed in the selected studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite the potential cardioprotective effect of beta-blockers, as demonstrated in small and unicentric clinical trials, its routine use on prevention of anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity demands greater scientific evidence.

RÉSUMÉ: Cet article se concentre sur les développements technologiques récents et l'évolution ultérieure des dispositions juridiques sur le droit d'auteur ou le Copyright dans le système judiciaire américain, en particulier la limitation de la responsabilité des fournisseurs de services Internet contenues dans la soi-disant Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) et son interprétation judiciaire. L'idée principale est de proposer un changement de direction dans cette évolution. Il est une proposition basée sur une approche simple de redéfinir les définitions prévues dans la loi DMCA, concernant la responsabilité des fournisseurs de services Internet. Il a également l›intention d›arrêter la poursuite d›objectifs dans le passé se sont avérées inefficaces.

ABSTRACT: U.S. copyright law is facing an interesting moment, where technology is far ahead of the law, and where the evolution of law seems to lead nowhere. This article focuses on recent technological evolution and subsequent legal developments, especially the safe harbor provisions for Internet service providers established by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and its judicial interpretation. The main idea is to suggest a different direction on the evolution of U.S. copyright law. The proposal is based on a rather simple approach that would adapt copyright law to new technology. It is about redefining the red flag knowledge contained on the safe harbor provisions of the DMCA. In order to overcome opposition, the article suggests discontinuing the use of ineffective approaches.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo está enfocado en desarrollos tecnológicos recientes y la subsecuente evolución de los preceptos legales sobre derechos de autor o copyrights en el sistema jurídico norteamericano, específicamente en la limitante de responsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios de Internet, contenida en el denominado Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) y su interpretación judicial. La idea principal es proponer un cambio en la dirección en esta evolución. Es una propuesta basada en un enfoque sencillo consistente en redefinir las definiciones que la legislación prevé en el DMCA, respecto la responsabilidad de los proveedores de servicios de Internet. También se propone dejar de perseguir objetivos que en el pasado han probado ser ineficaces.